8+ Best 16 ft Baseboard at Home Depot (Deals!)


8+ Best 16 ft Baseboard at Home Depot (Deals!)

Baseboard trim, typically offered in prolonged lengths for ease of set up, serves as a protecting and aesthetic aspect the place partitions meet the ground. Such trim obtainable at main house enchancment retailers in 16-foot sections minimizes the variety of seams required for lengthy partitions, contributing to a cleaner, extra skilled end. A typical software would contain utilizing one of these molding alongside the perimeter of a front room to cowl the joint between the wall and flooring.

Using lengthy baseboard sections gives a number of benefits. Fewer seams translate to lowered labor associated to reducing and becoming a member of shorter items. This additionally lowers the possibilities of seen imperfections and potential areas for mud accumulation or moisture penetration. Traditionally, longer lengths have been much less widespread, resulting in extra complicated installations. The supply of prolonged lengths streamlines the method and might contribute to vital time and value financial savings on bigger tasks.

The next dialogue will discover the fabric composition, profile choices, set up methods, and value issues related to choosing and using this extended-length molding. Moreover, steering will probably be offered on transporting, dealing with, and storing these supplies to make sure optimum efficiency and longevity.

1. Materials Sorts

The number of materials considerably influences the sturdiness, aesthetics, and value of sixteen-foot baseboard obtainable at house enchancment retailers. The properties of every materials dictate its suitability for particular functions and environments.

  • Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF)

    MDF gives a easy, constant floor perfect for portray. It’s typically extra reasonably priced than stable wooden and resists warping and splitting. Nonetheless, MDF is inclined to moisture harm and isn’t appropriate to be used in damp environments comparable to loos or basements. Its uniform density simplifies reducing and shaping, making it a preferred alternative for intricate profile designs. For instance, in a dry front room, MDF baseboard supplies an aesthetically pleasing and cost-effective resolution.

  • Stable Wooden (Pine, Oak, Poplar)

    Stable wooden baseboard gives superior sturdiness and moisture resistance in comparison with MDF. Pine is a standard, cost-effective softwood, whereas oak supplies larger hardness and a extra pronounced grain sample. Poplar is a flexible hardwood identified for its easy floor and acceptance of paint. Stable wooden expands and contracts with adjustments in humidity, requiring cautious set up to keep away from gaps or warping. In a house with frequent humidity fluctuations, stable wooden is most well-liked as a result of its long-term stability.

  • Polymer/Plastic

    Polymer or plastic baseboard supplies wonderful moisture resistance and is good for loos, kitchens, and basements. It’s sometimes dearer than MDF however gives superior sturdiness in moist environments. Polymer baseboard is proof against rot, bugs, and mildew, making it a long-lasting possibility. It may be reduce and put in utilizing normal woodworking instruments. For a basement transforming mission the place moisture is a priority, polymer baseboard gives a dependable and low-maintenance resolution.

  • Finger-Jointed Pine

    Finger-jointed pine consists of brief items of pine joined along with a finger-like interlocking sample. This course of creates longer, secure boards which can be much less liable to warping than stable pine. Finger-jointed pine is usually primed, prepared for portray. It gives a stability of affordability and sturdiness. This kind is ceaselessly used when an extended, paint-grade baseboard is required at a reasonable value level.

The number of the suitable materials, contemplating the atmosphere and aesthetic targets, is essential when buying sixteen-foot baseboard from a retail provider. Evaluating the professionals and cons of every materials ensures a passable end result by way of each look and longevity. As an illustration, whereas MDF could be perfect for a front room, polymer is best suited for a loo to face up to increased moisture ranges.

2. Profile Kinds

Profile kinds symbolize the ornamental form of baseboard trim and considerably affect the general aesthetic of a room. The range obtainable from main retailers in sixteen-foot lengths permits for cohesive design selections throughout bigger areas, minimizing the necessity for sample matching at joints.

  • Colonial

    Colonial profiles, characterised by their layered, ornate designs, evoke a standard aesthetic. These profiles sometimes characteristic a sequence of curves and moldings, including depth and visible curiosity to a room. Set up in a home with current colonial structure reinforces the established fashion. Nonetheless, the intricate design could be tougher to wash and should not go well with minimalist design schemes. Retail availability in prolonged lengths ensures stylistic consistency throughout lengthy partitions.

  • Trendy/Minimalist

    Trendy or minimalist profiles emphasize clear traces and ease. Usually that includes a flat floor with a slight bevel or rounded edge, these profiles combine seamlessly into up to date areas. The unadorned design minimizes visible litter and permits different architectural components to take priority. The benefit of cleansing and set up are notable benefits. When buying these profiles in sixteen-foot lengths, the shortage of complicated particulars simplifies the reducing and becoming a member of course of, whereas sustaining a streamlined look.

  • Craftsman

    Craftsman profiles replicate a method characterised by its strong, simple design. Widespread options embody clear, geometric shapes, typically with a squared or barely beveled edge. The emphasis is on performance and understated class. Utilizing this fashion in properties with craftsman detailing creates a unified look. The simplicity of the design makes it comparatively simple to chop and set up, and the supply of prolonged lengths reduces the variety of joints, contributing to a cleaner, extra cohesive look alongside prolonged partitions.

  • Ogee

    The Ogee profile presents a sleek, S-shaped curve. Its softer traces introduce a contact of class and class to interiors. This profile bridges the hole between conventional and fashionable kinds, providing a flexible alternative for numerous design themes. It pairs nicely with a spread of decor, lending a refined look. When sourced in sixteen-foot lengths, its steady, flowing kind minimizes visible interruptions, which reinforces the room’s seamless and polished environment. The Ogees curvature necessitates cautious reducing and set up to take care of aesthetic continuity.

The selection of profile fashion, coupled with the supply of sixteen-foot lengths, supplies a big benefit in reaching a desired aesthetic with minimal seams and constant detailing. Concerns comparable to architectural fashion, room dimension, and private preferences ought to information the choice course of, guaranteeing a cohesive and visually interesting end result. The prolonged lengths contribute to knowledgeable end by minimizing the visibility of joints, whatever the chosen profile.

3. Set up Strategies

The methodology employed for putting in sixteen-foot baseboard considerably impacts the ultimate look, structural integrity, and longevity of the trim. Correct methods are important to mitigating points related to the size and inherent properties of the fabric, no matter the place it’s sourced.

  • Slicing and Mitering

    Exact reducing is paramount, particularly when coping with sixteen-foot lengths. Miter cuts, used for creating seamless corners, should be correct to inside a fraction of a level. An influence miter noticed geared up with a pointy blade is crucial for reaching clear cuts and stopping splintering, significantly with MDF baseboard. Inaccurate cuts end in ugly gaps and require further filler or caulking, compromising the aesthetic. Take into account a state of affairs the place a 45-degree miter reduce is off by only one diploma; this error is amplified over the size of the reduce, resulting in a visual misalignment on the nook. The dimensional stability of the baseboard materials vastly impacts the precision and ease of reducing, whether or not it is stable wooden or MDF.

  • Fastening Methods

    Correct fastening ensures the baseboard stays securely connected to the wall over time. The most typical technique includes utilizing a nail gun with end nails. The nail size should be ample to penetrate the baseboard and drywall, reaching the wall stud behind. Inadequate nail size ends in the baseboard pulling away from the wall. For concrete partitions, building adhesive at the side of masonry nails or screws is required. Evenly spaced fasteners, sometimes each 12 to 16 inches, stop bowing or warping, significantly with longer sixteen-foot sections. When putting in baseboard over uneven partitions, shims behind the trim could also be essential to create a flush look. Ignoring this step results in a wavy, unprofessional end.

  • Seam Concealment

    Whereas sixteen-foot lengths cut back the variety of seams, they’re typically unavoidable in bigger rooms. Concealing these seams successfully is essential for a refined look. A mixture of wooden filler and paintable caulk is usually used to fill any gaps or imperfections. The filler should be utilized easily and sanded flush with the floor of the baseboard. Paintable caulk is then utilized alongside the seam to create a versatile, waterproof seal. Failure to correctly fill and caulk the seams ends in seen traces and potential factors of moisture intrusion. Coloration-matching the filler and caulk to the baseboard paint is crucial for a seamless mix. In situations the place a seam happens in a high traffic space, think about using a shawl joint an angled overlapping reduce to reduce the visible affect.

  • Dealing with and Assist

    As a result of their size, 16-foot baseboards are liable to bending or breaking if not dealt with and supported accurately throughout set up. When transporting, make sure the baseboards are totally supported alongside their size to stop sagging. Throughout set up, particularly when working alone, utilizing short-term helps like braces or props can hold the baseboard aligned whereas fastening it to the wall. Neglecting this may result in uneven mounting and even harm to the baseboard if it falls or is bent through the course of.

Profitable set up of sixteen-foot baseboard hinges on meticulous consideration to element and the number of applicable methods. Whereas the prolonged size gives the benefit of fewer seams, it additionally calls for larger precision in reducing, fastening, and dealing with. By addressing these elements, a house owner or contractor can obtain a professional-looking consequence that enhances the aesthetic of the house and stands the check of time.

4. Price Comparability

The financial analysis of sixteen-foot baseboard sourced from main house enchancment retailers is a crucial step in mission planning. Price comparability entails assessing the full expenditure, encompassing not solely the unit value of the baseboard but in addition related bills comparable to transportation, reducing instruments, fasteners, adhesives, and ending supplies. Retailers like House Depot sometimes supply baseboard in numerous supplies and profiles, every exhibiting a definite value level. For instance, sixteen-foot MDF baseboard will typically be extra economical than a comparable size of stable oak baseboard. Failing to conduct an intensive value evaluation can result in finances overruns and compromised mission outcomes. The supply of longer baseboard sections might cut back labor prices as a result of fewer cuts and joins, which, in flip, impacts the general mission finances.

A complete value comparability should additionally think about the long-term implications of fabric alternative. Whereas a decrease preliminary value could be enticing, the lifecycle value, together with upkeep and alternative, could possibly be considerably increased. As an illustration, MDF baseboard, whereas reasonably priced initially, is inclined to moisture harm and should require extra frequent alternative in damp environments, in the end growing the full value of possession. Conversely, whereas stable wooden baseboard carries the next upfront value, its enhanced sturdiness and resistance to moisture can lead to decrease long-term upkeep and alternative prices. Furthermore, the price of set up varies with the complexity of the profile, as extra intricate designs demand extra time and talent, affecting labor bills.

In abstract, a rigorous value comparability when buying sixteen-foot baseboard includes analyzing materials costs, related bills, and lifecycle issues. This evaluation informs the number of probably the most cost-effective possibility that aligns with mission necessities and budgetary constraints. Disregarding this step can result in unexpected monetary burdens and probably compromise the mission’s high quality. Moreover, the financial analysis ought to account for the potential financial savings in labor arising from the usage of longer baseboard sections, contributing to a well-informed decision-making course of.

5. Transportation Wants

The acquisition of sixteen-foot baseboard from a house enchancment retailer necessitates cautious consideration of transportation logistics. The prolonged size presents a singular problem, as normal passenger automobiles sometimes lack the capability to securely and legally accommodate such supplies. Failure to handle transportation wants can lead to product harm, security hazards, and potential authorized ramifications associated to improper automobile loading.

Transportation choices typically embody the utilization of a pickup truck, cargo van, or trailer. Rental companies could also be required if the purchaser doesn’t personal an acceptable automobile. Securing the baseboard correctly inside the transport automobile is essential. This will likely contain utilizing tie-down straps, rope, or specialised cargo carriers to stop shifting or harm throughout transit. Neglecting to adequately safe the load poses a big threat to different motorists and might result in expensive harm to the baseboard itself. For instance, unsecured baseboard protruding from a automobile might strike one other automobile or pedestrian, leading to severe damage or property harm. Many house enchancment retailers supply supply companies for outsized objects, which supplies a handy, albeit probably dearer, different to self-transportation.

Understanding and addressing the transportation wants related to sixteen-foot baseboard is an integral element of the general buy and set up course of. Correct planning and execution mitigate dangers and make sure the secure and environment friendly switch of supplies from the purpose of buy to the mission web site. Overlooking this side can result in logistical problems, elevated bills, and potential security hazards, in the end detracting from the success of the mission. Supply companies or renting a truck could be extra advantageous for house house owners due to the legal responsibility the house proprietor take when transporting.

6. Slicing Methods

The profitable utilization of sixteen-foot baseboard acquired from house enchancment retailers is intrinsically linked to the employed reducing methods. The prolonged size of those boards, whereas advantageous in decreasing seams, necessitates exact and correct cuts to make sure correct becoming and aesthetic attraction. Insufficient reducing strategies immediately end in seen gaps, misaligned corners, and a compromised remaining look. As an illustration, making an attempt to chop MDF baseboard with a boring blade could cause splintering and a ragged edge, negating the advantages of its easy, paintable floor. Consequently, the funding in high quality reducing instruments and the mastery of basic reducing methods turn out to be indispensable parts of any baseboard set up mission involving these prolonged supplies.

The number of applicable reducing instruments is paramount. An influence miter noticed geared up with a pointy, fine-toothed blade is usually really helpful for reaching clear, correct cuts, particularly when working with complicated profile shapes. Using a miter noticed permits for exact angle changes, important for creating seamless corners with mitered joints. Moreover, cautious measurement and marking are essential earlier than making any reduce. Even slight inaccuracies in measurement can accumulate over the size of the baseboard, resulting in vital becoming points. Clamping the baseboard securely to the noticed’s fence prevents motion through the reducing course of, guaranteeing a constant and exact reduce. For instance, when putting in baseboard in a room with barely out-of-square corners, adjusting the miter noticed angle by even half a level could make a considerable distinction within the remaining match and look.

In conclusion, the connection between reducing methods and the profitable set up of sixteen-foot baseboard is plain. Correct cuts, achieved via the usage of correct instruments and meticulous measurement, are basic to realizing the supposed aesthetic and practical advantages of those longer boards. Whereas the prolonged size reduces the variety of seams, it additionally magnifies the affect of any reducing errors. Mastering these methods minimizes waste, ensures knowledgeable end, and in the end contributes to the general success of the house enchancment mission. Understanding the challenges posed by the board’s size and addressing them with talent and precision interprets immediately into the next high quality consequence.

7. Portray/Ending

Portray and ending processes are integral to the profitable set up of sixteen-foot baseboard sourced from main retailers. These processes immediately affect the aesthetic attraction, sturdiness, and longevity of the trim. Correct floor preparation and the applying of applicable coatings are crucial for reaching knowledgeable and lasting consequence.

  • Floor Preparation

    Thorough floor preparation is a foundational step. This includes cleansing the baseboard to take away grime, mud, and any manufacturing residues. Sanding could also be essential to easy imperfections, significantly with MDF baseboard, and to create an acceptable floor for paint adhesion. Priming is usually really helpful to seal the fabric, enhance paint protection, and improve the bond between the baseboard and the paint. Skipping correct floor preparation results in uneven paint software, poor adhesion, and untimely peeling or chipping.

  • Paint Choice

    The selection of paint considerably impacts the ultimate look and sturdiness of the baseboard. Latex-based paints are generally used as a result of their ease of software, low odor, and sturdiness. Oil-based paints supply superior hardness and resistance to abrasion however require longer drying occasions and extra complicated cleanup. Semi-gloss or gloss finishes are sometimes most well-liked for baseboard as a result of their sturdiness and ease of cleansing. A matte end could also be used to reduce imperfections, however it’s much less proof against scuffing. Deciding on the proper paint sort and end ensures each aesthetic attraction and long-term efficiency.

  • Software Methods

    Correct software methods are essential for reaching a easy, even end. A number of skinny coats of paint are preferable to a single thick coat, as this minimizes drips, runs, and brushstrokes. Utilizing high-quality brushes or rollers designed for trim work ensures a uniform software. Cautious consideration to element round corners and edges is crucial for knowledgeable look. When spraying paint, correct air flow and masking are essential to keep away from overspray and guarantee a clear, even end. Making use of paint in a managed atmosphere optimizes drying circumstances and minimizes imperfections.

  • Sealing and Safety

    Making use of a transparent sealant or topcoat over the painted baseboard supplies further safety in opposition to moisture, scratches, and scuffs. That is significantly vital in high-traffic areas or in environments with excessive humidity. A sealant additionally enhances the sturdiness of the paint end, extending its lifespan. Correct sealing contributes to the long-term aesthetic attraction and practical efficiency of the baseboard. Failure to seal can result in untimely put on and tear, necessitating extra frequent repainting or alternative.

In abstract, the portray and ending of sixteen-foot baseboard sourced from retailers just isn’t merely a beauty step however a crucial course of that determines its longevity and aesthetic high quality. The number of applicable supplies, meticulous floor preparation, correct software methods, and protecting sealing are all important components in reaching a sturdy and visually interesting consequence. Ignoring any of those elements can compromise the complete set up, resulting in elevated upkeep prices and a diminished total look.

8. Storage Options

Efficient storage options are paramount when coping with sixteen-foot baseboard obtained from stores. The size of those boards presents distinctive storage challenges that, if unaddressed, can result in warping, harm, and compromised usability. Correct storage maintains the integrity of the fabric, guaranteeing it performs as supposed throughout set up. Insufficient storage contributes to materials waste and elevated mission prices.

  • Horizontal Assist

    Horizontal help is crucial to stopping sagging or bending of sixteen-foot baseboard throughout storage. Boards ought to be stacked on a flat, stage floor with helps positioned at common intervals, ideally each 4 ft. The helps distribute the burden evenly, minimizing stress on any single level. For instance, storing baseboard on the ground with solely finish helps will nearly definitely end in warping over time. Ignoring horizontal help results in irreversible harm and renders the baseboard unusable for its supposed objective.

  • Environmental Management

    Sustaining a secure atmosphere is crucial for preserving the integrity of saved baseboard. Fluctuations in temperature and humidity trigger enlargement and contraction, which may result in warping, cracking, or splitting. Baseboard ought to be saved in a dry, well-ventilated space away from direct daylight and excessive temperature variations. As an illustration, storing baseboard in an uninsulated storage is inadvisable as a result of seasonal temperature adjustments and potential moisture publicity. Managed environmental circumstances make sure the dimensional stability of the fabric.

  • Safety from Bodily Harm

    Defending saved baseboard from bodily harm is critical to stop scratches, dents, or breaks. Boards ought to be saved in a location the place they’re unlikely to be bumped or struck by different objects. Overlaying the baseboard with a protecting materials, comparable to plastic sheeting or cardboard, supplies a further layer of safety in opposition to floor harm. For instance, storing baseboard close to heavy equipment or in a high traffic space will increase the danger of unintentional harm. Avoiding bodily harm preserves the aesthetic high quality and structural integrity of the baseboard.

  • Vertical Storage Concerns

    Whereas horizontal storage is usually most well-liked, vertical storage could be carried out with correct precautions. When storing sixteen-foot baseboard vertically, it’s important to make sure the boards are totally supported from the bottom as much as stop bending or tipping. The baseboard ought to be securely mounted to a wall or different secure construction to stop it from falling over. Vertical storage requires cautious planning and execution to keep away from potential harm. Improperly supported vertical storage is a security hazard and can lead to vital materials waste.

In conclusion, the choice and implementation of applicable storage options immediately impacts the usability and longevity of sixteen-foot baseboard bought from retailers. Sufficient help, environmental management, and safety from bodily harm are essential issues. Neglecting these features ends in materials degradation and elevated mission prices. Prioritizing correct storage options is an important funding within the total success of any baseboard set up mission involving extended-length supplies. The chosen storage strategies must also accommodate the supposed ending course of, comparable to pre-painting previous to set up.

Continuously Requested Questions

The next questions and solutions tackle widespread considerations and supply informational insights concerning the choice, buy, and utilization of sixteen-foot baseboard from a significant house enchancment retailer.

Query 1: What supplies are sometimes obtainable for sixteen-foot baseboard at House Depot?

Widespread supplies embody Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF), stable wooden (comparable to pine or oak), finger-jointed pine, and numerous polymers or plastics. The supply of particular supplies might range relying on location and present stock.

Query 2: How does the size of sixteen-foot baseboard affect set up?

The prolonged size reduces the variety of seams required, resulting in a cleaner look and lowered labor. Nonetheless, it additionally necessitates larger precision in reducing and dealing with because of the board’s elevated flexibility and potential for harm throughout transport and set up.

Query 3: What are the transportation issues when buying sixteen-foot baseboard?

Commonplace passenger automobiles sometimes can not accommodate sixteen-foot lengths safely. A pickup truck, cargo van, or trailer could also be required. Alternatively, House Depot gives supply companies for a further price. Securely fasten baseboards throughout transportation to stop harm.

Query 4: Is sixteen-foot baseboard dearer than shorter lengths?

The worth per linear foot could also be corresponding to shorter lengths. Nonetheless, the full value per board is of course increased. The general mission value could also be lowered as a result of much less reducing waste and lowered labor associated to seam ending. Conduct an entire value evaluation, factoring in materials, transportation, and labor bills.

Query 5: What are the most effective practices for storing sixteen-foot baseboard previous to set up?

Retailer horizontally on a flat, stage floor with helps positioned each 4 ft to stop sagging. Shield from moisture and excessive temperature fluctuations. Cowl with a protecting materials to stop scratches or dents. Correct storage is crucial to sustaining the integrity of the baseboard.

Query 6: What reducing instruments are really helpful for sixteen-foot baseboard?

An influence miter noticed geared up with a pointy, fine-toothed blade is really helpful for reaching clear, correct cuts. A miter noticed permits exact angle changes for creating seamless corners. Correct measurement and clamping are important for minimizing errors.

These questions tackle widespread considerations and supply foundational data for people contemplating the acquisition and set up of sixteen-foot baseboard. Addressing these factors ensures a well-informed decision-making course of and a profitable mission end result.

The next part will delve into superior set up ideas and troubleshooting methods.

Professional Suggestions for Working with 16 ft Baseboard from House Depot

Efficiently managing and putting in extended-length baseboard requires particular data and methods. The next suggestions supply actionable recommendation for reaching skilled outcomes with this materials.

Tip 1: Pre-Planning is Important: Precisely measure the perimeter of the room and plan the structure to reduce seams. Order barely extra baseboard than calculated to account for reducing errors and waste. An in depth plan reduces pointless journeys to the retailer and optimizes materials utilization.

Tip 2: Make the most of a Cell Noticed Station: As a result of size of the boards, a cell noticed station geared up with outfeed helps is very really helpful. This permits for secure and correct cuts on-site, minimizing dealing with and potential harm. The helps hold the board stage and forestall sagging through the reducing course of.

Tip 3: Make use of a Two-Individual Set up Staff: The burden and size of sixteen-foot baseboard makes solo set up difficult. A two-person crew permits for simpler dealing with, exact alignment, and safe fastening. One particular person can maintain the board in place whereas the opposite fastens it to the wall.

Tip 4: Give attention to Correct Miter Cuts: Out-of-square corners require exact changes to miter noticed angles. Spend money on a digital protractor or angle finder to precisely measure nook angles and alter the noticed accordingly. Take a look at cuts on scrap materials are suggested earlier than reducing the precise baseboard.

Tip 5: Pre-Drill Nail Holes: Pre-drilling nail holes, particularly when working with hardwoods, prevents splitting and permits for simpler nail placement. That is significantly vital close to the ends of the boards. Use a drill bit barely smaller than the diameter of the end nails.

Tip 6: Use Development Adhesive Judiciously: Along with nails, apply a skinny bead of building adhesive to the again of the baseboard for added adhesion, particularly on uneven partitions. Apply adhesive sparingly to stop extreme squeeze-out. Clear any extra adhesive instantly with a humid material.

Tip 7: Take into account Again Priming: Earlier than set up, prime the again of the baseboard, significantly whether it is MDF or if the wall is liable to moisture. This protects the fabric from moisture absorption and helps stop warping or swelling.

The following tips facilitate a extra environment friendly and efficient set up course of, leading to a higher-quality completed product. Cautious planning, correct instruments, and a spotlight to element are essential for achievement.

The next remaining part will summarize the important thing benefits and downsides of utilizing 16 ft baseboard from House Depot, culminating in sensible conclusion.

Conclusion

Sixteen-foot baseboard from a significant retail supply presents each alternatives and challenges. The prolonged size gives the potential for seamless installations and lowered labor prices. Nonetheless, transportation, dealing with, and exact reducing are crucial issues. Materials choice, profile fashion, and set up methods immediately affect the ultimate look and longevity of the mission.

Cautious planning, adherence to greatest practices, and an intensive understanding of the related complexities are important for realizing the advantages of using this extended-length trim. Finally, the profitable incorporation of sixteen-foot baseboard hinges on a dedication to high quality and a spotlight to element, guaranteeing an enduring and aesthetically pleasing enhancement to any inside house. Potential purchasers ought to rigorously weigh the professionals and cons earlier than deciding if this product sort aligns with their expertise and mission necessities.